Outdated CHICKEN release
This is a manual page for an old and unsupported version of CHICKEN. If you are still using it, please consider migrating to the latest version. You can find the manual for the latest release here.
Macros
CHICKEN supports standard R5RS syntax-rules macros and a low-level macro system based on explicit renaming.
Macro definitions
define-syntax
[syntax] (define-syntax IDENTIFIER TRANSFORMER)Defines a macro named IDENTIFIER that will transform an expression with IDENTIFIER in operator position according to TRANSFORMER. The transformer expression must be the result of a call to er-macro-transformer or ir-macro-transformer, or it must be a syntax-rules form. If syntax-rules is used, the usual R5RS semantics apply. If TRANSFORMER is a transformer, then its transformer procedure will be called on expansion with the complete s-expression of the macro invocation, a rename procedure that hygienically renames identifiers and a comparison procedure that compares (possibly renamed) identifiers (see the section "Explicit renaming macros" below for a detailed explanation on non-R5RS macros).
define-syntax may be used to define local macros that are visible throughout the rest of the body in which the definition occurred, i.e.
(let () ... (define-syntax foo ...) (define-syntax bar ...) ...)
is expanded into
(let ()
...
(letrec-syntax ((foo ...) (bar ...))
...) )
syntax-rules supports SRFI-46 in allowing the ellipsis identifier to be user-defined by passing it as the first argument to the syntax-rules form. Also, "tail" patterns of the form
(syntax-rules ()
((_ (a b ... c)
...
are supported.
The effect of destructively modifying the s-expression passed to a transformer procedure is undefined.
er-macro-transformer
[procedure] (er-macro-transformer PROCEDURE)Returns an explicit-renaming transformer object wrapping the syntax-transformer procedure PROCEDURE. The procedure will be called with the form to be expanded and rename and compare procedures and perform explicit renaming to maintain hygiene. See below for more information about explicit renaming macros.
ir-macro-transformer
[procedure] (ir-macro-transformer PROCEDURE)Returns a implicit-renaming transformer object wrapping the syntax-transformer procedure PROCEDURE. The procedure will be called with the form to be expanded and an inject and compare procedure and perform implicit renaming to maintain hygiene. See below for more information about implicit renaming macros.
strip-syntax
[procedure] (strip-syntax EXPRESSION)Strips all syntactical information from EXPRESSION, returning a new expression where symbols have all context-information removed.
Explicit renaming macros
The low-level macro facility that CHICKEN provides is called "explicit renaming" and allows writing hygienic or non-hygienic macros procedurally. When given a the return value of the one of the procedures er-macro-transformer or ir-macro-transformer instead of a syntax-rules form, define-syntax evaluates the procedure in a distinct expansion environment (initially having access to the exported identifiers of the scheme module). The procedure takes an expression and two other arguments and returns a transformed expression.
For example, the transformation procedure for a call macro such that (call proc arg ...) expands into (proc arg ...) can be written as
(er-macro-transformer
(lambda (exp rename compare)
(cdr exp)))
Expressions are represented as lists in the traditional manner, except that identifiers are represented as special uninterned symbols.
The second argument to a transformation procedure is a renaming procedure that takes the representation of an identifier as its argument and returns the representation of a fresh identifier that occurs nowhere else in the program. For example, the transformation procedure for a simplified version of the let macro might be written as
(er-macro-transformer
(lambda (exp rename compare)
(let ((vars (map car (cadr exp)))
(inits (map cadr (cadr exp)))
(body (cddr exp)))
`((lambda ,vars ,@body)
,@inits))))
This would not be hygienic, however. A hygienic let macro must rename the identifier lambda to protect it from being captured by a local binding. The renaming effectively creates a fresh alias for lambda, one that cannot be captured by any subsequent binding:
(er-macro-transformer
(lambda (exp rename compare)
(let ((vars (map car (cadr exp)))
(inits (map cadr (cadr exp)))
(body (cddr exp)))
`((,(rename 'lambda) ,vars ,@body)
,@inits))))
The expression returned by the transformation procedure will be expanded in the syntactic environment obtained from the syntactic environment of the macro application by binding any fresh identifiers generated by the renaming procedure to the denotations of the original identifiers in the syntactic environment in which the macro was defined. This means that a renamed identifier will denote the same thing as the original identifier unless the transformation procedure that renamed the identifier placed an occurrence of it in a binding position.
Identifiers obtained from any two calls to the renaming procedure with the same argument will necessarily be the same, but will denote the same syntactical binding. It is an error if the renaming procedure is called after the transformation procedure has returned.
The third argument to a transformation procedure is a comparison predicate that takes the representations of two identifiers as its arguments and returns true if and only if they denote the same thing in the syntactic environment that will be used to expand the transformed macro application. For example, the transformation procedure for a simplified version of the cond macro can be written as
(er-macro-transformer
(lambda (exp rename compare)
(let ((clauses (cdr exp)))
(if (null? clauses)
`(,(rename 'quote) unspecified)
(let* ((first (car clauses))
(rest (cdr clauses))
(test (car first)))
(cond ((and (symbol? test)
(compare test (rename 'else)))
`(,(rename 'begin) ,@(cdr first)))
(else `(,(rename 'if)
,test
(,(rename 'begin) ,@(cdr first))
(,(rename 'cond) ,@rest)))))))))
In this example the identifier else is renamed before being passed to the comparison predicate, so the comparison will be true if and only if the test expression is an identifier that denotes the same thing in the syntactic environment of the expression being transformed as else denotes in the syntactic environment in which the cond macro was defined. If else were not renamed before being passed to the comparison predicate, then it would match a local variable that happened to be named else, and the macro would not be hygienic. The final recursive call to cond also needs to be renamed because someone might create an alias for this macro and use it in a let where cond is an ordinary variable.
Some macros are non-hygienic by design. For example, the following defines a loop macro that implicitly binds exit to an escape procedure. The binding of exit is intended to capture free references to exit in the body of the loop, so exit is not renamed.
(define-syntax loop
(er-macro-transformer
(lambda (x r c)
(let ((body (cdr x)))
`(,(r 'call-with-current-continuation)
(,(r 'lambda) (exit)
(,(r 'let) ,(r 'f) () ,@body (,(r 'f)))))))))
Suppose a while macro is implemented using loop, with the intent that exit may be used to escape from the while loop. The while macro cannot be written as
(define-syntax while
(syntax-rules ()
((while test body ...)
(loop (if (not test) (exit #f))
body ...))))
because the reference to exit that is inserted by the while macro is intended to be captured by the binding of exit that will be inserted by the loop macro. In other words, this while macro is not hygienic. Like loop, it must be written using procedurally:
(define-syntax while
(er-macro-transformer
(lambda (x r c)
(let ((test (cadr x))
(body (cddr x)))
`(,(r 'loop)
(,(r 'if) (,(r 'not) ,test) (exit #f))
,@body)))))
Think about it: If we did rename exit, it would refer to an exit procedure existing in the context of the macro's definition. That one actually exists; it is the procedure that exits the Scheme interpreter. Definitely not the one we want :) So now we make it refer to an exit that's locally bound in the environment where the macro is expanded.
Note: this implementation of explicit-renaming macros allows passing arbitrary expressions to the renaming and comparison procedures. When being renamed, a fresh copy of the expression will be produced, with all identifiers renamed appropriately. Comparison also supports arbitrary expressions as arguments.
Implicit renaming macros
Explicit renaming macros generally require the user to perform quite a few renames, because most identifiers that aren't taken from the input expression should generally be inserted hygienically. It would make more sense to give the output expression as-is, and only explicitly convert those identifiers that you want to treat as unhygienic.
This can be done with implicit renaming macros. They just swap the default insertion "mode" from unhygienic to hygienic, so to speak. Here's the cond example from the previous section as an ir-macro:
(ir-macro-transformer
(lambda (exp inject compare)
(let ((clauses (cdr exp)))
(if (null? clauses)
`(quote unspecified)
(let* ((first (car clauses))
(rest (cdr clauses))
(test (car first)))
(cond ((and (symbol? test)
(compare test 'else))
`(begin ,@(cdr first)))
(else `(if ,test
(begin ,@(cdr first))
(cond ,@rest)))))))))
In this example the identifier else does not need to be renamed before being passed to the comparison predicate because it is already implicitly renamed. This comparison will also be true if and only if the test expression is an identifier that denotes the same thing in the syntactic environment of the expression being transformed as else denotes in the syntactic environment in which the cond macro was defined. If else were not renamed before being passed to the comparison predicate, then it would match a local variable that happened to be named else, and the macro would not be hygienic.
As you can see, the code is a lot clearer because it isn't obscured by excessive renaming.
Here's the loop macro so you can see how hygiene can be broken with implicit renaming macros:
(define-syntax loop
(ir-macro-transformer
(lambda (expr inject compare)
(let ((body (cdr expr)))
`(call-with-current-continuation
(lambda (,(inject 'exit))
(let f () ,@body (f))))))))
The while macro is a little trickier: do we inject the call to exit or not? Just like the explicit renaming macro version did not rename it, we must inject it to allow it to be captured by the loop macro:
(define-syntax while
(ir-macro-transformer
(lambda (expr inject compare)
(let ((test (cadr expr))
(body (cddr expr)))
`(loop
(if (not ,test) (,(inject 'exit) #f))
,@body)))))
Note: Just like explicit renaming macros, this implementation of implicit renaming macros allow passing arbitrary expressions to the injection and comparison procedures. The injection procedure also return fresh copies of its input.
Previous: Non-standard macros and special forms
Next: Modules