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Unit srfi-14

Character set library. An abbreviated version of the SRFI is provided in this document. Full documentation is available in the original SRFI-14 document.

On systems that support dynamic loading, the srfi-14 unit can be made available in the interpreter (csi) by entering

(require-extension srfi-14)

This library provides only the Latin-1 character set. To get Unicode semantics, see the utf8 egg. However, information on Unicode character sets is still provided in this document.

Specification

In the following procedure specifications:

Passing values to procedures with these parameters that do not satisfy these types is an error.

Unless otherwise noted in the specification of a procedure, procedures always return character sets that are distinct (from the point of view of the linear-update operations) from the parameter character sets. For example, char-set-adjoin is guaranteed to provide a fresh character set, even if it is not given any character parameters.

Parameters given in square brackets are optional. Unless otherwise noted in the text describing the procedure, any prefix of these optional parameters may be supplied, from zero arguments to the full list. When a procedure returns multiple values, this is shown by listing the return values in square brackets, as well. So, for example, the procedure with signature

halts? F [X INIT-STORE] -> [BOOLEAN INTEGER]

would take one (F), two (F, X) or three (F, X, INIT-STORE) input parameters, and return two values, a boolean and an integer.

A parameter followed by "..." means zero-or-more elements. So the procedure with the signature

sum-squares X ...  -> NUMBER

takes zero or more arguments (X ...), while the procedure with signature

spell-check DOC DICT_1 DICT_2 ... -> STRING-LIST

takes two required parameters (DOC and DICT_1) and zero or more optional parameters (DICT_2 ...).

General procedures

[procedure] (char-set? obj) -> boolean

Is the object OBJ a character set?

[procedure] (char-set= cs_1 ...) -> boolean

Are the character sets equal?

Boundary cases:

(char-set=) => TRUE
(char-set= cs) => TRUE

Rationale: transitive binary relations are generally extended to n-ary relations in Scheme, which enables clearer, more concise code to be written. While the zero-argument and one-argument cases will almost certainly not arise in first-order uses of such relations, they may well arise in higher-order cases or macro-generated code. E.g., consider

(apply char-set= cset-list)

This is well-defined if the list is empty or a singleton list. Hence we extend these relations to any number of arguments. Implementors have reported actual uses of n-ary relations in higher-order cases allowing for fewer than two arguments. The way of Scheme is to handle the general case; we provide the fully general extension.

A counter-argument to this extension is that R5RS's transitive binary arithmetic relations (=, <, etc.) require at least two arguments, hence this decision is a break with the prior convention -- although it is at least one that is backwards-compatible.

[procedure] (char-set<= cs_1 ...) -> boolean

Returns true if every character set CS_I is a subset of character set CS_I+1.

Boundary cases:

(char-set<=) => TRUE
(char-set<= cs) => TRUE

Rationale: See char-set= for discussion of zero- and one-argument applications. Consider testing a list of char-sets for monotonicity with

(apply char-set<= cset-list)
[procedure] (char-set-hash cs [bound]) -> integer

Compute a hash value for the character set CS. BOUND is a non-negative exact integer specifying the range of the hash function. A positive value restricts the return value to the range [0,BOUND).

If BOUND is either zero or not given, the implementation may use an implementation-specific default value, chosen to be as large as is efficiently practical. For instance, the default range might be chosen for a given implementation to map all strings into the range of integers that can be represented with a single machine word.

Invariant:

(char-set= cs_1 cs_2) => (= (char-set-hash cs_1 b) (char-set-hash cs_2 b))

A legal but nonetheless discouraged implementation:

(define (char-set-hash cs . maybe-bound) 1)

Rationale: allowing the user to specify an explicit bound simplifies user code by removing the mod operation that typically accompanies every hash computation, and also may allow the implementation of the hash function to exploit a reduced range to efficiently compute the hash value. E.g., for small bounds, the hash function may be computed in a fashion such that intermediate values never overflow into bignum integers, allowing the implementor to provide a fixnum-specific "fast path" for computing the common cases very rapidly.

Iterating over character sets

[procedure] (char-set-cursor cset) -> cursor
[procedure] (char-set-ref cset cursor) -> char
[procedure] (char-set-cursor-next cset cursor) -> cursor
[procedure] (end-of-char-set? cursor) -> boolean

Cursors are a low-level facility for iterating over the characters in a set. A cursor is a value that indexes a character in a char set. char-set-cursor produces a new cursor for a given char set. The set element indexed by the cursor is fetched with char-set-ref. A cursor index is incremented with char-set-cursor-next; in this way, code can step through every character in a char set. Stepping a cursor "past the end" of a char set produces a cursor that answers true to end-of-char-set?. It is an error to pass such a cursor to char-set-ref or to char-set-cursor-next.

A cursor value may not be used in conjunction with a different character set; if it is passed to char-set-ref or char-set-cursor-next with a character set other than the one used to create it, the results and effects are undefined.

Cursor values are not necessarily distinct from other types. They may be integers, linked lists, records, procedures or other values. This license is granted to allow cursors to be very "lightweight" values suitable for tight iteration, even in fairly simple implementations.

Note that these primitives are necessary to export an iteration facility for char sets to loop macros.

Example:

(define cs (char-set #\G #\a #\T #\e #\c #\h))
 
;; Collect elts of CS into a list.
(let lp ((cur (char-set-cursor cs)) (ans '()))
  (if (end-of-char-set? cur) ans
      (lp (char-set-cursor-next cs cur)
          (cons (char-set-ref cs cur) ans))))
  => (#\G #\T #\a #\c #\e #\h)
 
;; Equivalently, using a list unfold (from SRFI 1):
(unfold-right end-of-char-set? 
              (curry char-set-ref cs)
	      (curry char-set-cursor-next cs)
	      (char-set-cursor cs))
  => (#\G #\T #\a #\c #\e #\h)

Rationale: Note that the cursor API's four functions "fit" the functional protocol used by the unfolders provided by the list, string and char-set SRFIs (see the example above). By way of contrast, here is a simpler, two-function API that was rejected for failing this criterion. Besides char-set-cursor, it provided a single function that mapped a cursor and a character set to two values, the indexed character and the next cursor. If the cursor had exhausted the character set, then this function returned false instead of the character value, and another end-of-char-set cursor. In this way, the other three functions of the current API were combined together.

[procedure] (char-set-fold kons knil cs) -> object

This is the fundamental iterator for character sets. Applies the function KONS across the character set CS using initial state value KNIL. That is, if CS is the empty set, the procedure returns KNIL. Otherwise, some element C of CS is chosen; let CS' be the remaining, unchosen characters. The procedure returns

(char-set-fold KONS (KONS C KNIL) CS')

Examples:

;; CHAR-SET-MEMBERS
(lambda (cs) (char-set-fold cons '() cs))
 
;; CHAR-SET-SIZE
(lambda (cs) (char-set-fold (lambda (c i) (+ i 1)) 0 cs))
 
;; How many vowels in the char set?
(lambda (cs) 
  (char-set-fold (lambda (c i) (if (vowel? c) (+ i 1) i))
                 0 cs))
[procedure] (char-set-unfold f p g seed [base-cs]) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-unfold! f p g seed base-cs) -> char-set

This is a fundamental constructor for char-sets.

More precisely, the following definitions hold, ignoring the optional-argument issues:

(define (char-set-unfold p f g seed base-cs) 
  (char-set-unfold! p f g seed (char-set-copy base-cs)))
 
(define (char-set-unfold! p f g seed base-cs)
  (let lp ((seed seed) (cs base-cs))
        (if (p seed) cs                                 ; P says we are done.
            (lp (g seed)                                ; Loop on (G SEED).
                (char-set-adjoin! cs (f seed))))))      ; Add (F SEED) to set.

(Note that the actual implementation may be more efficient.)

Examples:

(port->char-set p) = (char-set-unfold eof-object? values
                                      (lambda (x) (read-char p))
                                      (read-char p))
 
(list->char-set lis) = (char-set-unfold null? car cdr lis)
[procedure] (char-set-for-each proc cs) -> unspecified

Apply procedure PROC to each character in the character set CS. Note that the order in which PROC is applied to the characters in the set is not specified, and may even change from one procedure application to another.

Nothing at all is specified about the value returned by this procedure; it is not even required to be consistent from call to call. It is simply required to be a value (or values) that may be passed to a command continuation, e.g. as the value of an expression appearing as a non-terminal subform of a begin expression. Note that in R5RS, this restricts the procedure to returning a single value; non-R5RS systems may not even provide this restriction.

[procedure] (char-set-map proc cs) -> char-set

PROC is a char->char procedure. Apply it to all the characters in the char-set CS, and collect the results into a new character set.

Essentially lifts PROC from a char->char procedure to a char-set -> char-set procedure.

Example:

(char-set-map char-downcase cset)

Creating character sets

[procedure] (char-set-copy cs) -> char-set

Returns a copy of the character set CS. "Copy" means that if either the input parameter or the result value of this procedure is passed to one of the linear-update procedures described below, the other character set is guaranteed not to be altered.

A system that provides pure-functional implementations of the linear-operator suite could implement this procedure as the identity function -- so copies are not guaranteed to be distinct by eq?.

[procedure] (char-set char_1 ...) -> char-set

Return a character set containing the given characters.

[procedure] (list->char-set char-list [base-cs]) -> char-set
[procedure] (list->char-set! char-list base-cs) -> char-set

Return a character set containing the characters in the list of characters CHAR-LIST.

If character set BASE-CS is provided, the characters from CHAR-LIST are added to it. list->char-set! is allowed, but not required, to side-effect and reuse the storage in BASE-CS; list->char-set produces a fresh character set.

[procedure] (string->char-set s [base-cs]) -> char-set
[procedure] (string->char-set! s base-cs) -> char-set

Return a character set containing the characters in the string S.

If character set BASE-CS is provided, the characters from S are added to it. string->char-set! is allowed, but not required, to side-effect and reuse the storage in BASE-CS; string->char-set produces a fresh character set.

[procedure] (char-set-filter pred cs [base-cs]) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-filter! pred cs base-cs) -> char-set

Returns a character set containing every character C in CS such that (PRED C) returns true.

If character set BASE-CS is provided, the characters specified by PRED are added to it. char-set-filter! is allowed, but not required, to side-effect and reuse the storage in BASE-CS; char-set-filter produces a fresh character set.

An implementation may not save away a reference to PRED and invoke it after char-set-filter or char-set-filter! returns -- that is, "lazy," on-demand implementations are not allowed, as PRED may have external dependencies on mutable data or have other side-effects.

Rationale: This procedure provides a means of converting a character predicate into its equivalent character set; the CS parameter allows the programmer to bound the predicate's domain. Programmers should be aware that filtering a character set such as char-set:full could be a very expensive operation in an implementation that provided an extremely large character type, such as 32-bit Unicode. An earlier draft of this library provided a simple predicate->char-set procedure, which was rejected in favor of char-set-filter for this reason.

[procedure] (ucs-range->char-set lower upper [error? base-cs]) -> char-set
[procedure] (ucs-range->char-set! lower upper error? base-cs) -> char-set

LOWER and UPPER are exact non-negative integers; LOWER <= UPPER.

Returns a character set containing every character whose ISO/IEC 10646 UCS-4 code lies in the half-open range [LOWER,UPPER).

If character set BASE-CS is provided, the characters specified by the range are added to it. ucs-range->char-set! is allowed, but not required, to side-effect and reuse the storage in BASE-CS; ucs-range->char-set produces a fresh character set.

Note that ASCII codes are a subset of the Latin-1 codes, which are in turn a subset of the 16-bit Unicode codes, which are themselves a subset of the 32-bit UCS-4 codes. We commit to a specific encoding in this routine, regardless of the underlying representation of characters, so that client code using this library will be portable. I.e., a conformant Scheme implementation may use EBCDIC or SHIFT-JIS to encode characters; it must simply map the UCS characters from the given range into the native representation when possible, and report errors when not possible.

[procedure] (->char-set x) -> char-set

Coerces X into a char-set. X may be a string, character or char-set. A string is converted to the set of its constituent characters; a character is converted to a singleton set; a char-set is returned as-is. This procedure is intended for use by other procedures that want to provide "user-friendly," wide-spectrum interfaces to their clients.

Querying character sets

[procedure] (char-set-size cs) -> integer

Returns the number of elements in character set CS.

[procedure] (char-set-count pred cs) -> integer

Apply PRED to the chars of character set CS, and return the number of chars that caused the predicate to return true.

[procedure] (char-set->list cs) -> character-list

This procedure returns a list of the members of character set CS. The order in which CS's characters appear in the list is not defined, and may be different from one call to another.

[procedure] (char-set->string cs) -> string

This procedure returns a string containing the members of character set CS. The order in which CS's characters appear in the string is not defined, and may be different from one call to another.

[procedure] (char-set-contains? cs char) -> boolean

This procedure tests CHAR for membership in character set CS.

The MIT Scheme character-set package called this procedure CHAR-SET-MEMBER?, but the argument order isn't consistent with the name.

[procedure] (char-set-every pred cs) -> boolean
[procedure] (char-set-any pred cs) -> boolean

The char-set-every procedure returns true if predicate PRED returns true of every character in the character set CS. Likewise, char-set-any applies PRED to every character in character set CS, and returns the first true value it finds. If no character produces a true value, it returns false. The order in which these procedures sequence through the elements of CS is not specified.

Note that if you need to determine the actual character on which a predicate returns true, use char-set-any and arrange for the predicate to return the character parameter as its true value, e.g.

(char-set-any (lambda (c) (and (char-upper-case? c) c)) 
              cs)

Character-set algebra

[procedure] (char-set-adjoin cs char_1 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-delete cs char_1 ...) -> char-set

Add/delete the CHAR_I characters to/from character set CS.

[procedure] (char-set-adjoin! cs char_1 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-delete! cs char_1 ...) -> char-set

Linear-update variants. These procedures are allowed, but not required, to side-effect their first parameter.

[procedure] (char-set-complement cs) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-union cs_1 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-intersection cs_1 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-difference cs_1 cs_2 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-xor cs_1 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-diff+intersection cs_1 cs_2 ...) -> [char-set char-set]

These procedures implement set complement, union, intersection, difference, and exclusive-or for character sets. The union, intersection and xor operations are n-ary. The difference function is also n-ary, associates to the left (that is, it computes the difference between its first argument and the union of all the other arguments), and requires at least one argument.

Boundary cases:

(char-set-union) => char-set:empty
(char-set-intersection) => char-set:full
(char-set-xor) => char-set:empty
(char-set-difference CS) => CS

char-set-diff+intersection returns both the difference and the intersection of the arguments -- it partitions its first parameter. It is equivalent to

(values (char-set-difference CS_1 CS_2 ...)
        (char-set-intersection CS_1 (char-set-union CS_2 ...)))

but can be implemented more efficiently.

Programmers should be aware that char-set-complement could potentially be a very expensive operation in Scheme implementations that provide a very large character type, such as 32-bit Unicode. If this is a possibility, sets can be complimented with respect to a smaller universe using char-set-difference.

[procedure] (char-set-complement! cs) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-union! cs_1 cs_2 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-intersection! cs_1 cs_2 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-difference! cs_1 cs_2 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-xor! cs_1 cs_2 ...) -> char-set
[procedure] (char-set-diff+intersection! cs_1 cs_2 cs_3 ...) -> [char-set char-set]

These are linear-update variants of the set-algebra functions. They are allowed, but not required, to side-effect their first (required) parameter.

char-set-diff+intersection! is allowed to side-effect both of its two required parameters, CS_1 and CS_2.

Standard character sets

Several character sets are predefined for convenience:

char-set:lower-case Lower-case letters
char-set:upper-case Upper-case letters
char-set:title-case Title-case letters
char-set:letter Letters
char-set:digit Digits
char-set:letter+digit Letters and digits
char-set:graphic Printing characters except spaces
char-set:printing Printing characters including spaces
char-set:whitespace Whitespace characters
char-set:iso-control The ISO control characters
char-set:punctuation Punctuation characters
char-set:symbol Symbol characters
char-set:hex-digit A hexadecimal digit: 0-9, A-F, a-f
char-set:blank Blank characters -- horizontal whitespace
char-set:ascii All characters in the ASCII set.
char-set:empty Empty set
char-set:full All characters

In Unicode Scheme implementations, the base character sets are compatible with Java's Unicode specifications. For ASCII or Latin-1, we simply restrict the Unicode set specifications to their first 128 or 256 codes, respectively.

Here are the definitions for some of the sets in an ASCII implementation:

char-set:lower-case a-z
char-set:upper-case A-Z
char-set:letter A-Z and a-z
char-set:digit 0123456789
char-set:punctuation !"#%&'()*,-./:;?@[\]_{}
char-set:symbol $+<=>^`|~
char-set:whitespace Space, newline, tab, form feed, vertical tab, carriage return
char-set:blank Space and tab
char-set:graphic letter + digit + punctuation + symbol
char-set:printing graphic + whitespace
char-set:iso-control ASCII 0-31 and 127

Character set constants

[constant] char-set:lower-case

For Unicode, a character is lowercase if

The lower-case ASCII characters are

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Latin-1 adds another 33 lower-case characters to the ASCII set:

00B5 MICRO SIGN
00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
00E0 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
00E1 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
00E2 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00E3 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
00E4 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
00E5 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
00E6 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
00E7 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
00E8 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
00EA LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00EB LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
00EC LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
00ED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
00EE LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00EF LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
00F0 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
00F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
00F2 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
00F3 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
00F4 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
00F6 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
00F8 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE
00F9 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
00FA LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
00FB LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00FC LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
00FD LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
00FE LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN
00FF LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

Note that three of these have no corresponding Latin-1 upper-case character:

00B5 MICRO SIGN
00DF LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
00FF LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS

(The compatibility micro character uppercases to the non-Latin-1 Greek capital mu; the German sharp s character uppercases to the pair of characters "SS," and the capital y-with-diaeresis is non-Latin-1.)

[constant] char-set:upper-case

For Unicode, a character is uppercase if

The upper-case ASCII characters are

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Latin-1 adds another 30 upper-case characters to the ASCII set:

00C0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
00C1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
00C2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00C3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE
00C4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
00C5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
00C6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE
00C7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
00C8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
00C9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
00CA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00CB LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
00CC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
00CD LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
00CE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00CF LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
00D0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH
00D1 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE
00D2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
00D3 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
00D4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00D5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
00D6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
00D8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE
00D9 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
00DA LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
00DB LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
00DC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
00DD LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
00DE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN
[constant] char-set:title-case

In Unicode, a character is titlecase if it has the category Lt in the character attribute database. There are very few of these characters; here is the entire 31-character list as of Unicode 3.0:

01C5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON
01C8 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH SMALL LETTER J
01CB LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH SMALL LETTER J
01F2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SMALL LETTER Z
1F88 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F89 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F8A GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F8B GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F8C GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F8D GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F8E GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F8F GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F98 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F99 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F9A GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F9B GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F9C GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F9D GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F9E GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1F9F GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FA8 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FA9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FAA GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FAB GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND VARIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FAC GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FAD GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FAE GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FAF GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FBC GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FCC GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI
1FFC GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PROSGEGRAMMENI

There are no ASCII or Latin-1 titlecase characters.

[constant] char-set:letter

In Unicode, a letter is any character with one of the letter categories (Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, Lo) in the Unicode character database.

There are 52 ASCII letters

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

There are 117 Latin-1 letters. These are the 115 characters that are members of the Latin-1 char-set:lower-case and char-set:upper-case sets, plus

00AA FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
00BA MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR

(These two letters are considered lower-case by Unicode, but not by SRFI 14.)

[constant] char-set:digit

In Unicode, a character is a digit if it has the category Nd in the character attribute database. In Latin-1 and ASCII, the only such characters are 0123456789. In Unicode, there are other digit characters in other code blocks, such as Gujarati digits and Tibetan digits.

[constant] char-set:hex-digit

The only hex digits are 0123456789abcdefABCDEF.

[constant] char-set:letter+digit

The union of char-set:letter and char-set:digit.

[constant] char-set:graphic

A graphic character is one that would put ink on paper. The ASCII and Latin-1 graphic characters are the members of

char-set:letter
char-set:digit
char-set:punctuation
char-set:symbol
[constant] char-set:printing

A printing character is one that would occupy space when printed, i.e., a graphic character or a space character. char-set:printing is the union of char-set:whitespace and char-set:graphic.

[constant] char-set:whitespace

In Unicode, a whitespace character is either

There are 24 whitespace characters in Unicode 3.0:

0009 HORIZONTAL TABULATION \t control-I
000A LINE FEED \n control-J
000B VERTICAL TABULATION \v control-K
000C FORM FEED \f control-L
000D CARRIAGE RETURN \r control-M
0020 SPACE Zs
00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE Zs
1680 OGHAM SPACE MARK Zs
2000 EN QUAD Zs
2001 EM QUAD Zs
2002 EN SPACE Zs
2003 EM SPACE Zs
2004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE Zs
2005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE Zs
2006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE Zs
2007 FIGURE SPACE Zs
2008 PUNCTUATION SPACE Zs
2009 THIN SPACE Zs
200A HAIR SPACE Zs
200B ZERO WIDTH SPACE Zs
2028 LINE SEPARATOR Zl
2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR Zp
202F NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE Zs
3000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE Zs

The ASCII whitespace characters are the first six characters in the above list -- line feed, horizontal tabulation, vertical tabulation, form feed, carriage return, and space. These are also exactly the characters recognised by the Posix isspace() procedure. Latin-1 adds the no-break space.

[constant] char-set:iso-control

The ISO control characters are the Unicode/Latin-1 characters in the ranges [U+0000,U+001F] and [U+007F,U+009F].

ASCII restricts this set to the characters in the range [U+0000,U+001F] plus the character U+007F.

Note that Unicode defines other control characters which do not belong to this set (hence the qualifying prefix "iso-" in the name).

[constant] char-set:punctuation

In Unicode, a punctuation character is any character that has one of the punctuation categories in the Unicode character database (Pc, Pd, Ps, Pe, Pi, Pf, or Po.)

ASCII has 23 punctuation characters:

!"#%&'()*,-./:;?@[\]_{}

Latin-1 adds six more:

00A1 INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
00AB LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
00AD SOFT HYPHEN
00B7 MIDDLE DOT
00BB RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
00BF INVERTED QUESTION MARK

Note that the nine ASCII characters $+<=>^`|~ are not punctuation. They are "symbols."

[constant] char-set:symbol

In Unicode, a symbol is any character that has one of the symbol categories in the Unicode character database (Sm, Sc, Sk, or So). There are nine ASCII symbol characters:

$+<=>^`|~

Latin-1 adds 18 more:

00A2 CENT SIGN
00A3 POUND SIGN
00A4 CURRENCY SIGN
00A5 YEN SIGN
00A6 BROKEN BAR
00A7 SECTION SIGN
00A8 DIAERESIS
00A9 COPYRIGHT SIGN
00AC NOT SIGN
00AE REGISTERED SIGN
00AF MACRON
00B0 DEGREE SIGN
00B1 PLUS-MINUS SIGN
00B4 ACUTE ACCENT
00B6 PILCROW SIGN
00B8 CEDILLA
00D7 MULTIPLICATION SIGN
00F7 DIVISION SIGN
[constant] char-set:blank

Blank chars are horizontal whitespace. In Unicode, a blank character is either

There are eighteen blank characters in Unicode 3.0:

0009 HORIZONTAL TABULATION \t control-I
0020 SPACE Zs
00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE Zs
1680 OGHAM SPACE MARK Zs
2000 EN QUAD Zs
2001 EM QUAD Zs
2002 EN SPACE Zs
2003 EM SPACE Zs
2004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE Zs
2005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE Zs
2006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE Zs
2007 FIGURE SPACE Zs
2008 PUNCTUATION SPACE Zs
2009 THIN SPACE Zs
200A HAIR SPACE Zs
200B ZERO WIDTH SPACE Zs
202F NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE Zs
3000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE Zs

The ASCII blank characters are the first two characters above -- horizontal tab and space. Latin-1 adds the no-break space.

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