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srfi-60

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srfi-60

Documentation

Treating integers as two's-complement strings of bits is an arcane but important domain of computer science. It is used for:

hashing;
Galois-field[2] calculations of error-detecting and error-correcting codes;
cryptography and ciphers;
pseudo-random number generation;
register-transfer-level modeling of digital logic designs;
Fast-Fourier transforms;
packing and unpacking numbers in persistant data structures;
space-filling curves with applications to dimension reduction and sparse multi-dimensional database indexes; and
generating approximate seed values for root-finders and transcendental function algorithms.

Bits and Complements

A bit-index in these descriptions is nonnegative with the least significant bit at index 0. A positive integer has a finite number of "1" bits. A negative integer has a finite number of "0" bits.

The reference implementation is written using only Scheme integer operations. Thus the only exposure of the underlying representation is the ranges of fixnums.

The complement describes the representation of negative integers. With one's-complement fixnums, the range of integers is

-(2ⁿ) to 2ⁿ

, and there are two possible representations of 0. With two's-complement fixnums, the range of integers is -(2ⁿ+1) to 2ⁿ.

Since we treat integers as having two's-complement negations, the two's-complement of an integer is simply its negation. The one's-complement of an integer is computed by lognot:

 (define (lognot n) (- -1 n))

Bitwise Operations and Integer Properties

The logior, logxor, logand, lognot, logtest, logbit? (logbitp), ash, logcount, and integer-length procedures are from Common-Lisp. Logior, logxor, and logand have been extended to accept any arity. Opportunities to use an n-ary version of logtest have not been frequent enough to justify its extension.

In the Bitwise Operations, rather than striving for orthogonal completeness, I have concentrated on a nearly minimal set of bitwise logical functions sufficient to support the uses listed above.

Although any two of logior, logxor, and logand (in combination with lognot) are sufficient to generate all the two-input logic functions, having these three means that any nontrivial two-input logical function can be synthesized using just one of these two-input primaries with zero or one calls to lognot.

bitwise-if is what SRFI-33 calls bitwise-merge.

The SRFI-33 aliases: bitwise-ior, bitwise-xor, bitwise-and, bitwise-not, bitwise-merge, any-bits-set?, and bit-count are also provided.

log2-binary-factors (alias first-set-bit) is a useful function which is simple but non-obvious:

 (define (log2-binary-factors n)
   (+ -1 (integer-length (logand n (- n)))))

Bit Within Word and Field of Bits

The Bit Within Word and Field of Bits procedures are used for modeling digital logic and accessing binary data structures in software.

I have changed to copy-bit-field argument order to be consistent with the other Field of Bits procedures: the start and end index arguments are last. This makes them analogous to the argument order to substring and SRFI-47 arrays, which took their cue from substring.

These start and end index arguments are not compatible with SRFI-33's size and position arguments (occurring first) in its bit-field procedures. Both define copy-bit-field; the arguments and purposes being incompatible.

A procedure in slib/logical.scm, logical:rotate, rotated a given number of low-order bits by a given number of bits. This function was quite servicable, but I could not name it adequately. I have replaced it with rotate-bit-field with the addition of a start argument. This new function rotates a given field (from positions start to end) within an integer; leaving the rest unchanged.

Another problematic name was logical:ones, which generated an integer with the least significant k bits set. Calls to bit-field could have replaced its uses . But the definition was so short that I just replaced its uses with:

 (lognot (ash -1 {{k}}))

The bit-reverse procedure was then the only one which took a width argument. So I replaced it with reverse-bit-field.

The Lamination and Gray-code functions were moved to slib/phil-spc.scm

Bits as Booleans

Bits as Booleans provides the procedures to convert between integers and lists of booleans. There is no comparable facility in SRFI-33.

Specification

To access the following bindings use the extensions "srfi-60-aliases":

arithmetic-shift
bitwise-ior
bitwise-xor
bitwise-and
bitwise-not
bit-count
bit-set?
any-bits-set?
first-set-bit
bitwise-merge

Further, the following are aliases for builtin Chicken procedures:

*arithmetic-shift: arithmetic-shift
*bitwise-ior: bitwise-ior
*bitwise-xor: bitwise-xor
*bitwise-and: bitwise-and
*bitwise-not: bitwise-not
*bit-set?: bit-set?

Bitwise Operations

[procedure] (logand n1 ...)
[procedure] (bitwise-and n1 ...)

Returns the integer which is the bit-wise AND of the integer arguments.

Example:

 (number->string (logand #b1100 #b1010) 2)
     => "1000"

[procedure] (logior n1 ...)
[procedure] (bitwise-ior n1 ...)

Returns the integer which is the bit-wise OR of the integer arguments.

Example:

 (number->string (logior #b1100 #b1010) 2)
     => "1110"

[procedure] (logxor n1 ...)
[procedure] (bitwise-xor n1 ...)

Returns the integer which is the bit-wise XOR of the integer arguments.

Example:

 (number->string (logxor #b1100 #b1010) 2)
     => "110"

[procedure] (lognot n)
[procedure] (bitwise-not n)

Returns the integer which is the one's-complement of the integer argument.

Example:

 (number->string (lognot #b10000000) 2)
     => "-10000001"
 (number->string (lognot #b0) 2)
     => "-1"

[procedure] (bitwise-if mask n0 n1)
[procedure] (bitwise-merge mask n0 n1)

Returns an integer composed of some bits from integer n0 and some from integer n1. A bit of the result is taken from n0 if the corresponding bit of integer mask is 1 and from n1 if that bit of mask is 0.

[procedure] (logtest j k)
[procedure] (any-bits-set? j k)

 (logtest j k) == (not (zero? (logand j k)))
 
 (logtest #b0100 #b1011) => #f
 (logtest #b0100 #b0111) => #t

Integer Properties

[procedure] (logcount n)
[procedure] (bit-count n)

Returns the number of bits in integer n. If integer is positive, the 1-bits in its binary representation are counted. If negative, the 0-bits in its two's-complement binary representation are counted. If 0, 0 is returned.

Example:

 (logcount #b10101010)
     => 4
 (logcount 0)
     => 0
 (logcount -2)
     => 1

[procedure] (integer-length n)

Returns the number of bits neccessary to represent n.

Example:

 (integer-length #b10101010)
     => 8
 (integer-length 0)
     => 0
 (integer-length #b1111)
     => 4

[procedure] (log2-binary-factors n)
[procedure] (first-set-bit n)

Returns the number of factors of two of integer n. This value is also the bit-index of the least-significant `1' bit in n.

 (require 'printf)
 (do ((idx 0 (+ 1 idx)))
       ((> idx 16))
     (printf "%s(%3d) ==> %-5d %s(%2d) ==> %-5d\n"
             'log2-binary-factors
             (- idx) (log2-binary-factors (- idx))
             'log2-binary-factors
             idx (log2-binary-factors idx)))
 -|
 log2-binary-factors(  0) ==> -1    log2-binary-factors( 0) ==> -1   
 log2-binary-factors( -1) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors( 1) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors( -2) ==> 1     log2-binary-factors( 2) ==> 1    
 log2-binary-factors( -3) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors( 3) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors( -4) ==> 2     log2-binary-factors( 4) ==> 2    
 log2-binary-factors( -5) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors( 5) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors( -6) ==> 1     log2-binary-factors( 6) ==> 1    
 log2-binary-factors( -7) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors( 7) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors( -8) ==> 3     log2-binary-factors( 8) ==> 3    
 log2-binary-factors( -9) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors( 9) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors(-10) ==> 1     log2-binary-factors(10) ==> 1    
 log2-binary-factors(-11) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors(11) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors(-12) ==> 2     log2-binary-factors(12) ==> 2    
 log2-binary-factors(-13) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors(13) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors(-14) ==> 1     log2-binary-factors(14) ==> 1    
 log2-binary-factors(-15) ==> 0     log2-binary-factors(15) ==> 0    
 log2-binary-factors(-16) ==> 4     log2-binary-factors(16) ==> 4

Bit Within Word

[procedure] (logbit? index n)
[procedure] (bit-set? index n)

 (logbit? index n) == (logtest (expt 2 index) n)
 
 (logbit? 0 #b1101) => #t
 (logbit? 1 #b1101) => #f
 (logbit? 2 #b1101) => #t
 (logbit? 3 #b1101) => #t
 (logbit? 4 #b1101) => #f

[procedure] (copy-bit index from bit)

Returns an integer the same as from except in the indexth bit, which is 1 if bit is #t and 0 if bit is #f.

Example:

 (number->string (copy-bit 0 0 #t) 2)       => "1"
 (number->string (copy-bit 2 0 #t) 2)       => "100"
 (number->string (copy-bit 2 #b1111 #f) 2)  => "1011"

Field of Bits

[procedure] (bit-field n start end)

Returns the integer composed of the start (inclusive) through end (exclusive) bits of n. The startth bit becomes the 0-th bit in the result.

Example:

 (number->string (bit-field #b1101101010 0 4) 2)
     => "1010"
 (number->string (bit-field #b1101101010 4 9) 2)
     => "10110"

[procedure] (copy-bit-field to from start end)

Returns an integer the same as to except possibly in the start (inclusive) through end (exclusive) bits, which are the same as those of from. The 0-th bit of from becomes the startth bit of the result.

Example:

 (number->string (copy-bit-field #b1101101010 0 0 4) 2)
     => "1101100000"
 (number->string (copy-bit-field #b1101101010 -1 0 4) 2)
     => "1101101111"
 (number->string (copy-bit-field #b110100100010000 -1 5 9) 2)
     => "110100111110000"

[procedure] (ash n count)
[procedure] (arithmetic-shift n count)

Returns an integer equivalent to (inexact>exact (floor (* n (expt 2 count))))

Example:

 (number->string (ash #b1 3) 2)
     => "1000"
 (number->string (ash #b1010 -1) 2)
     => "101"

[procedure] (rotate-bit-field n count start end)

Returns n with the bit-field from start to end cyclically permuted by count bits towards high-order.

Example:

 (number->string (rotate-bit-field #b0100 3 0 4) 2)
     => "10"
 (number->string (rotate-bit-field #b0100 -1 0 4) 2)
     => "10"
 (number->string (rotate-bit-field #b110100100010000 -1 5 9) 2)
     => "110100010010000"
 (number->string (rotate-bit-field #b110100100010000 1 5 9) 2)
     => "110100000110000"

[procedure] (reverse-bit-field n start end)

Returns n with the order of bits start to end reversed.

 (number->string (reverse-bit-field #xa7 0 8) 16)
     => "e5"

Bits as Booleans

[procedure] (integer->list k len)
[procedure] integer->list k)

integer->list returns a list of len booleans corresponding to each bit of the given integer. #t is coded for each 1; #f for 0. The len argument defaults to (integer-length k).

[procedure] (list->integer list)

list->integer returns an integer formed from the booleans in the list list, which must be a list of booleans. A 1 bit is coded for each #t; a 0 bit for #f.

integer->list and list->integer are inverses so far as equal? is concerned.

[procedure] (booleans->integer bool1 ...)

Returns the integer coded by the bool1 ... arguments.

License

 Copyright (C) Aubrey Jaffer
 
 Permission to copy this software, to modify it, to redistribute it,
 to distribute modified versions, and to use it for any purpose is
 granted, subject to the following restrictions and understandings.
 
 1.  Any copy made of this software must include this copyright notice
 in full.
 
 2.  I have made no warranty or representation that the operation of
 this software will be error-free, and I am under no obligation to
 provide any services, by way of maintenance, update, or otherwise.
 
 3.  In conjunction with products arising from the use of this
 material, there shall be no use of my name in any advertising,
 promotional, or sales literature without prior written consent in
 each case.

Outdated egg!

srfi-60

Description

Author

Requirements

Download

Documentation

Bits and Complements

Bitwise Operations and Integer Properties

Bit Within Word and Field of Bits

Bits as Booleans

Specification

Bitwise Operations

Integer Properties

Bit Within Word

Field of Bits

Bits as Booleans

License